Personal credit score in Europe’s decrease mid-market affords one thing more and more uncommon: structural inefficiency that favors buyers. Whereas the US dominates non-public credit score by scale, Europe’s reliance on banks, smaller fund sizes, and regional fragmentation go away a persistent financing hole for corporations too small for world capital markets however too giant to rely solely on native banks. This creates a compelling, and sure sturdy alternative for personal credit score funds with native market experience.
Regardless of decrease base charges, debtors in Europe are paying greater spreads and charges because the all-in yields in Europe and the US are broadly comparable. Additional, financial institution retrenchment and concentrated fundraising among the many largest funds have left the fragmented decrease mid-market much less aggressive. For buyers, meaning a beautiful entry level as we speak. Structural inefficiencies proceed to protect pricing energy, making partnership with the precise managers crucial.
Entry to debt financing is crucial for the expansion of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which type the spine of the European economic system. Based on the European Fee, SMEs signify greater than 99% of the European Union’s 32.3 million enterprises. The decrease mid-market — corporations with 250 to five,000 workers — comprise roughly 8% of EU companies, or about 2.6 million corporations.
Traditionally, SMEs have relied closely on banks, notably in continental Europe. Stricter capital necessities imposed on banks post-financial disaster have constrained financial institution lending, in flip hitting the decrease mid-market particularly exhausting, notably outdoors main monetary hubs resembling London or Frankfurt[1].
Personal credit score has stepped in to partially fill this hole, however capital is more and more concentrated. In 2024, 94% of all non-public credit score capital raised globally went to the biggest 50 funds, up from 81.5% a yr earlier[2]. In consequence, phrases and pricing within the higher mid-market (usually EBITDA > €25–30 million) have largely converged between the US and Europe, with debtors having fun with ample entry to credit score.
In distinction, the decrease mid-market stays fragmented and fewer intermediated, making a structural alternative for non-bank lenders and providing better diploma of transaction management and pricing energy. Current analysis by Aksia helps this conclusion[3].
Quantifying the Alternative
To check the European and US decrease mid-market landscapes, we gathered knowledge on direct lending funds in each areas from numerous knowledge sources[4]. In whole, we thought of roughly 20 senior secured mortgage funds in every area. Whereas not statistically exhaustive, the evaluation reveals a number of constant patterns.
All-in yields in Europe are barely greater than they’re in the US, regardless of decrease base charges. This has been the case since mid-2022, the beginning of the Federal Reserve and European Central Financial institution charge hikes. As of September 1, 3-month SOFR stood at roughly 4.03% versus 3-month Euribor at roughly 2.07%. Whereas troublesome to measure empirically, this means that debtors in Europe face greater spreads, greater upfront charges, or each.
Extra importantly, we observe extra conservative deal structuring and danger profiles in Europe, notably by way of leverage. In money flow-based loans, leverage (Debt/EBITDA) tends to be decrease in Europe: our pattern suggests a distinction of roughly 0.5x. From our personal market observations, debt-to-ARR multiples within the software program sector peaked at round 2x in Europe and have since fallen to under 1x, in comparison with present US ranges of 2x, and as excessive as 3x on the peak.
Why the Hole Persists
The engaging risk-reward profile in European decrease mid-market non-public credit score displays a mix of structural inefficiencies and cyclical dynamics. Whereas market situations could evolve, lots of the underlying drivers level to a long-lasting transatlantic hole.
Cyclical components embrace rate of interest and forex differentials, which have an effect on base charges and hedging prices. Europe’s weaker current macro backdrop together with slower progress, geopolitical uncertainty, and power shocks, has tempered lending urge for food. In distinction, elements of the US market have proven indicators of exuberance, with tighter spreads and looser constructions.
Structural variations like a shallower institutional capital pool, financial institution dominance, and borrower conservatives are extra enduring. The European non-public credit score market stays much less developed than the US market. In 2024, North America–centered non-public credit score funds captured ~72% of worldwide capital raised[5]. Since 2008, ~70% of personal credit score capital has been raised in North America and ~25% in Europe, based on the RBA abstract of IMF/PitchBook work. Whereas capital flows could be shifting, the depth and dynamism of the US market means near-term convergence is unlikely.
As of December 2024, European direct lending dry powder stood at roughly $80 billion, down from practically $95 billion a yr earlier, whereas North America hit a document $167 billion in December 2024, up 17% year-on-year[6]. As well as, the extra superior non-public credit score panorama in the US additionally offers North American managers the flexibility to make use of scale-enhancing instruments resembling fund-level leverage and co-investments extra readily. This disparity illustrates the depth and effectivity benefits within the US market.
On the smaller finish of the spectrum, the hole widens. Since 2023, 453 North America-focused direct lending funds under $2 billion have been raised, in comparison with simply 185 funds in Europe[7].
Investor preferences reinforce this divide. European LPs, usually extra risk-averse, have restricted urge for food for area of interest methods. As an alternative, they’ve favored giant, plain-vanilla direct lending funds provided by the largest US managers.
On the demand aspect, European debtors stay extra conservative, with smaller deal sizes, slower decision-making, and fewer familiarity with structured credit score. Such cultural and behavioral components scale back transaction velocity but in addition restrict lender competitors and assist extra conservative constructions with arguably superior danger dynamics.
Financial institution reliance, particularly in DACH (Germany, Austria, and Switzerland), and Southern Europe, additional entrenches the hole. Whereas non-bank lenders have grown market share in sponsor-led transactions — accounting for 56% in Germany in 2024 and 20–40% in Spain over the previous two years — most SMEs nonetheless lack entry to tailor-made credit score.
Mixed with Europe’s authorized, cultural, and regulatory fragmentation, and the necessity for native presence throughout a number of jurisdictions, these structural components make near-term convergence unlikely, notably within the decrease mid-market.
Implications for Buyers
Europe’s non-public credit score market has progressed simply as investor sentiment in direction of the asset class has shifted. Debtors within the higher mid-market have little bother accessing capital as Europe and the US now function in a largely built-in world market.
Alternatives abound within the European decrease mid-market, which stays one of many few locations the place buyers can nonetheless seize greater yields alongside stronger credit score protections. Success relies upon much less on scale than on selecting managers with deep native networks, multi-jurisdictional experience, and a monitor document of structuring and exiting transactions. Whereas some convergence with the US market is feasible, structural inefficiencies in Europe’s decrease mid-market are unlikely to vanish shortly. For buyers ready to look past the biggest platforms, the area affords a sturdy and differentiated supply of alpha.
[1] Deutsch Bundesbank Dialogue Paper No. 37/2022, https://hdl.deal with.internet/10419/265433
[2] Preqin 2025 International Report: Personal Debt.
[3] Aksia, “Does Personal Credit score have an excessive amount of cash?” August 2025.
[4] Together with Preqin, publicly accessible knowledge and data offered immediately by the fund managers.
[5] Preqin 2025 International Report: Personal Debt.
[6] Preqin Direct, extracted August 2025
[7] Preqin Direct, extracted August 2025: Consists of classic years 2023 onwards
