Richard Cobden (1804-1865) was a British member of Parliament who championed free commerce, the repeal of the Corn Legal guidelines, and a laissez-faire financial system.
[A speech delivered in Manchester, England, January 15, 1846]
I shall start the few remarks which I’ve to supply to this assembly by proposing, opposite to my normal customized, a decision; and it’s, “That the retailers, producers, and different members of the Nationwide Anti-Corn-Legislation League declare no safety no matter for the manufactured merchandise of this nation, and need to see obliterated eternally the few nominally protecting duties towards international producers, which nonetheless stay upon our statute books.”
Gents, if any of you might have taken the pains to wade by the experiences of the Protectionist conferences, as they’re referred to as, which have been held recently, you’d see that our opponents, on the finish of seven years of our agitation, have came upon their mistake, and are abandoning the Corn Legal guidelines; and now, like unskilful blunderers, as they’re, they wish to take up a brand new place, simply as we have been going to attain the victory. Then they’ve been telling one thing very like fibs, once they claimed the Corn Legal guidelines as compensation for peculiar burdens. They are saying now that they need merely safety in widespread with all different pursuits, they usually now name themselves the advocates of safety to native business in all its branches; and, by means of making the enchantment to the less-informed portion of the group, they are saying that the Anti-Corn-Legislation League are merely the advocates of Free Commerce in Corn, however that we wish to protect a monopoly in manufactures.
Now, the decision which I’ve to undergo you, and which we’ll put to this assembly to-night – the most important by far that Iever noticed on this room, and comprising males of each class and of each calling on this district – let that decision resolve, as soon as and eternally, whether or not our opponents can with fact lay that to our cost henceforth. There’s nothing new on this proposition, for on the very starting of this agitation – on the assembly of the Chamber of Commerce – when that faint voice was raised in that small room in King Avenue in December 1838, for the entire and speedy repeal of the Corn Legal guidelines – when that ball was set in movement which has been accumulating in energy and velocity ever since, why, the petition acknowledged pretty that this group wished no safety for its personal business. I’ll learn the conclusion of that admirable petition. It’s as follows:
“Holding one of many rules of everlasting justice to be inalienable proper of each man freely to change the results of his labour for the productions of different folks, and sustaining the observe of defending one a part of the group on the expense of all different lessons to be unsound and unjustifiable, your petitioners earnestly implore your honourable Home to repeal all legal guidelines referring to the importation of international corn and different international articles of subsistence, and to hold out to the fullest extent, each as impacts agriculture and manufactures, the true and peaceable rules of Free Commerce, by eradicating all current obstacles to the unrestricted employment of business and capital.“
We’ve handed comparable resolutions in any respect our nice mixture conferences of delegates in London ever since that was issued.
I don’t put this decision as an argument or as an enchantment to satisfy the appeals made within the safety societies’ conferences. I consider that the boys who now, on this seventh yr of our dialogue, can come forth earlier than their nation, and speak as these males have performed – I consider that you simply would possibly as properly preach to the deaf adder. You can’t persuade them. I doubt whether or not they haven’t been dwelling of their shells, like oysters; I doubt whether or not they know such a factor is in existence as a railroad, or as penny postage. They’re in profound ignorance of every part, and incapable of being taught. We don’t enchantment to them, however to a really giant portion of this group, who don’t take a really distinguished half on this dialogue – who could also be thought of as essential lookers-on. Many have been misled by the reiterated assertions of our opponents; and it’s at this eleventh hour to persuade these males, and to provide them a possibility of becoming a member of our ranks, as they are going to do, that I provide this proof of disinterestedness and the equity of our proposals. I don’t intend to enter an argument to persuade any man right here that safety to all have to be safety to none. It takes from one man’s pocket, and permits him to compensate himself by taking an equal from one other man’s pocket, and if that goes on in a circle by the entire group, it’s only a careless means of robbing all to counterpoint none, and easily has this impact, that it ties up the arms of business in all instructions. I needn’t provide one phrase to persuade you of that. The one motive that I’ve for saying a phrase is, that what I say right here might persuade others elsewhere – the boys who meet in safety societies. However the arguments I ought to adduce to an clever viewers like this, can be spoken in useless to the Members of Parliament who are actually the advocates of safety. I shall meet them in lower than per week in London, and there I’ll train the A B C of this safety. It’s of no use making an attempt to show youngsters phrases of 5 syllables, once they haven’t bought out of the alphabet.
Effectively, what exhibitions these protectionists have been making of themselves! Judging from the size of their speeches, as you may see them reported, you would possibly fancy the entire group was in movement. Sadly for us, and for the status of our countrymen, the boys who can utter the drivelling nonsense which we’ve got had flaunted to the world recently, and the boys who can take heed to it, are only a few in quantity. I doubt exceedingly whether or not all the boys who’ve attended all of the safety conferences, over the past month, may not very comfortably be put into this corridor. However these safety societies haven’t solely modified their rules, but it surely appears they’ve resolved to alter their ways. They’ve now, on the eleventh hour, once more resolved that they are going to make their physique political, and take care of the registration. What simpletons they will need to have been to have thought that they may have performed any good with out that! In order that they have resolved that their societies shall spend their cash in exactly the identical method that the League have been expending theirs. They’ve hitherto been telling us, in all their conferences and in all their newspapers, that the League is an unconstitutional physique; that it’s an infernal membership which goals at corrupting, at vitiating, and at swamping the registrations; and now, forsooth, when no good can presumably come of it – once they most definitely ought to have properly abstained from imitating it, since they can not do any good, and have stored up the pressure they previously had of calling the League an unconstitutional physique, they resolve to rescind their decision, and to comply with his Grace, the Duke of Richmond’s recommendation, and battle us with our personal weapons. Now I presume, we’re a constitutional physique. It’s a lucky factor that we’ve got not bought nice dukes to guide us. However, now, of what pressure is that this decision? Like every part they do, it’s farcical – it’s unreal. The safety societies, from the start, have been nothing however phantoms. They aren’t realities. And what’s their decision – what does it quantity to? They resolve that they are going to take care of the registration. Everyone knows that they’ve performed their worst in that method already. Everyone knows that these landlords might actually make their acres a form of electioneering property. We all know proper properly that their land-agents are their electioneering brokers. We all know that their rent-rolls have been made their muster-rolls for combating the battle of safety. These poor drivelling folks say that we purchase {qualifications}, and current them to our associates; that we bind them right down to vote as we please. We’ve by no means purchased a vote, and we by no means intend to purchase a vote or to provide one. Ought to we not be blockheads to purchase votes and provides them, when we’ve got ten thousand individuals prepared to purchase them at our request?
However I think that our protectionist associates have a notion that there’s some plan – some secret, sinister plan – by which they’ll put fictitious votes on the register. Now I urge to inform them that the League just isn’t extra highly effective to create votes than it’s to detect the issues within the dangerous votes of our opponents; they usually might depend upon it, in the event that they try to put fictitious voters on the register, that we’ve got our ferrets in each county, and that they are going to discover out the issues; and when the registration time comes, we’ll have an objection registered towards each one in every of their fictitious {qualifications}, and make them produce their title-deeds, and present that they haven’t paid for them. Effectively, we’ve got our protectionist opponents; however how we might congratulate ourselves on the place which they’ve given to this query by the dialogue that has been raised in every single place throughout the previous few months! We can’t enter a steamboat or a railroad carriage – nay, we can’t even go into an omnibus, however the very first thing that any man does, nearly earlier than he has deposited his umbrella, is to ask, “Effectively, what’s the final information in regards to the Corn Legal guidelines?” Now, we, who keep in mind how troublesome it was, originally of our agitation, to convey males’s minds to the dialogue of this query, after we suppose that each newspaper is now stuffed with it – the identical broad sheet containing, maybe, a report of this assembly, and of the depressing drivelling of some hole-and-corner agricultural gathering – and after we suppose that the entire group is engaged in studying the dialogue and pondering on the a number of arguments, we will need no extra. The League would possibly shut its doorways to-morrow, and its work may be thought of as performed the second it compels or induces folks to debate the query.
However the feeling I’ve alluded to is spreading past our personal nation. I’m glad to listen to that in Eire the query is attracting consideration. You may have most likely heard that my pal Mr. Shiny and I’ve acquired a requisition signed by retailers and producers of each grade and get together in Belfast, soliciting us to go there and deal with them; and I deeply remorse that we can’t put our toes on Irish floor to advocate this query. To-day I’ve acquired a duplicate of a requisition to the mayor of Drogheda, calling a gathering for subsequent Monday, to petition for the entire and speedy repeal of the Corn Legal guidelines, and I’m glad to note on the head of that requisition the title of the Catholic Primate, Physician Croly, a person eminent for studying, piety, and moderation; and that it’s also headed by the remainder of the Catholic clergy of that borough. I hope that these examples is not going to be with out their due impact, in one other quarter. We’ve, I consider, the vast majority of each non secular denomination with us – I imply the dissenting denominations; we’ve got them nearly en masse, each ministers and laymen; and I consider the one physique, the one non secular physique, which we might not say we’ve got with us as a physique, are the members of the Church of England. On this level I’ll simply provide this comment: The clergy of the Church of England have been positioned in a most invidious, and, I feel, an unlucky place, by the mode wherein their tithe commutation cost was mounted some years in the past. My pal Colonel Thompson will recall it, for he was in Parliament on the time, and protested towards the best way wherein the tithe commutation rent-charge was mounted. He stated, with the nice foresight he has at all times proven within the battle for the repeal of the Corn Legal guidelines, that it will make the clergy of the Church of England events to the current Corn Legislation by fixing their tithe at a set amount of corn, fluctuating in line with the worth of the final seven years. Let or not it’s borne in thoughts, that each different class of the group could also be straight compensated for the repeal of the Corn Legal guidelines – I imply each class related with agriculture – besides the clergy. The landlords could also be compensated, if costs fall, by an elevated amount of produce; so additionally might the farmer and the labourer; however the clergy of the Church of England obtain a given variety of quarts of wheat for his or her tithe, regardless of the worth could also be. I feel, nevertheless, we might draw a beneficial conclusion, below all of the circumstances, from the truth that I consider there has not been one clergyman of the Church off England in any respect eminent for rank, piety, or studying, who has come out, however the robust temptation of non-public curiosity, to advocate the present Corn Legislation. I feel, that we might take this as a proof of the very robust enchantment to justice which this query makes, and maybe auger additionally that there’s a robust feeling among the many nice physique of the members of the Church of England in favour of Free Commerce in corn.
Effectively, there may be one different quarter wherein we’ve got seen the progress of sound rules – I allude to America. We’ve acquired the American President’s message; we’ve got had additionally the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, and each President Polk and Mr. Secretary Walker have been taking my pal Colonel Thompson’s activity out of his arms, and lecturing the folks of America with reference to Free Commerce. I’ve by no means learn a greater digest of the arguments in favour of Free Commerce than that put forth by Mr. Secretary Walker, and addressed to the Congress of that nation. I auger from all these items that our query is making fast progress throughput the world, and that we’re coming to the consummation of our labours. We’re verging now in the direction of the session of Parliament, and I predict that the query will both obtain its quietus, or that it’s going to result in the dissolution of this Parliament; after which the subsequent will definitely relieve us of our burden.
Now, many individuals are discovered to take a position on what Sir Robert Peel might do within the approaching session of Parliament. It’s a very hazardous factor, contemplating that in a single week solely you may be as smart as I shall, to enterprise to make a prediction on this topic. You’re very anxious, little doubt. Effectively, allow us to see if we will speculate slightly on futurity, and relieve our nervousness. There are three programs open to Sir Robert Peel. He might preserve the legislation as it’s; he might completely repeal it; or he might do one thing between the 2 by tinkering his scale once more, or giving us a set responsibility. Now, I predict that Sir Robert Peel will both preserve the legislation as it’s, or he’ll suggest completely to abolish it. And I floor my prediction on this, as a result of these are the one two issues that anyone within the nation needs him to do. There are some that wish to preserve safety as it’s; others wish to do away with it; however no person needs something between the 2. He has his option to make, and I’ve this opinion of his sagacity, that, if he change in any respect, he’ll change for complete repeal. However the query is, “Will he suggest complete and speedy repeal?” Now, there, if you happen to please, I’ll forbear to supply a prediction. However I’ll enterprise to provide you a cause or two why I feel he must take complete and speedy repeal. I don’t suppose that any class is a lot considering having the Corn Legislation completely and instantly repealed because the farming class. I consider that it’s off extra significance to the farmers to have the repeal instantaneous, as an alternative of gradual, than to another class of the group. In actual fact, I observe, within the report of a latest Oxfordshire safety assembly, given in to-day’s paper, that when Lord Norreys was alluding to the likelihood of Sir Robert Peel abolishing the Corn Legal guidelines step by step, a farmer by the title of Gillatt cried out, “We had higher be drowned outright than ducked to demise.” Gents, I used to make use of one other simile – a really humble one, I admit. I used to say that an previous farmer had instructed me, that if he have been going to chop off his sheep-dog’s tail, it will be much more humane to chop it off abruptly than a chunk every single day within the week. However now I feel that the farmer’s simile in Oxford is the latest and the most effective that we will use. Nothing might be easier than to show that it’s the true curiosity of farmers, if the Corn Legislation is to be abolished, to have it abolished immediately. If the Corn Legislation have been abolished to-morrow, my agency perception is, that as an alternative off wheat falling, it will generally tend to rise. That’s my agency perception, as a result of hypothesis has already anticipated Sir Robert Peel, and wheat has fallen in consequence of that apprehension. I consider that, owing to the shortage in every single place, – I imply in all components of Europe, – you possibly can not, if you happen to prayed for it, if you happen to had your personal wishing-cap on, and will make your personal time and circumstances – I consider, I say, that you possibly can by no means discover such a possibility for abolishing the Corn Legal guidelines completely and instantly as if it have been performed subsequent week; for it so occurs that the very international locations from which, in bizarre instances, we’ve got been provided, have been , like ourselves, with shortage – that the international locations of Europe are competing with us for the very small surplus current in America. They’ve, the truth is, anticipated us in that market, they usually have left the world’s markets so naked of corn, that, no matter your requirements could also be, I defy you to have apart from excessive costs of corn through the subsequent twelve months, although the Corn Legislation was abolished to-morrow.
European international locations are struggling as we’re from the identical evil. They’re affected by shortage now, owing to the absurd laws respecting the article of corn. Europe altogether has been corrupted by the vicious instance of England in her business laws. There they’re, all through the continent of Europe, with a inhabitants growing on the charge of 4 or 5 tens of millions a yr; but they make it their enterprise, like ourselves, to place obstacles in the best way of a sufficiency of meals to satisfy the demand of an growing inhabitants.
I consider that if you happen to abolish the Corn Legislation actually, and undertake Free Commerce in its simplicity, there is not going to be a tariff in Europe that won’t be modified in lower than 5 years to comply with your instance. Effectively, gents, suppose the Corn Legislation be not abolished instantly, however that Sir Robert Peel herald a measure providing you with an obligation of 5 shillings, six shillings, and even seven shillings, and happening one shilling a yr for 4 or 5 years, until the entire responsibility is abolished, what can be the impact on international international locations? They may then exaggerate the significance of this market when the responsibility is wholly off. They may go on elevating provides, calculating that, when the responsibility is wholly off, they are going to have a marketplace for their produce, and excessive costs to remunerate them; and if, as could be very possible and according to our expertise, we must always have a return to considerable seasons, these huge importations might be poured upon our markets, most likely simply on the time when our costs are low; and they might come right here, as a result of they might don’t have any different market, to swamp our markets, and deprive the farmer of the sale of his produce at a remunerating worth. However, quite the opposite, let the Corn Legislation be abolished immediately; let foreigners see what the English market is in its pure state, after which they are going to be capable of decide from yr to yr and from season to season what would be the future demand from this nation for international corn. There might be no extravagant estimate of what we wish – no contingency of dangerous harvests to take a position upon. The provision might be regulated by the demand, and can attain that state which would be the finest safety towards each gluts and famine. Due to this fact, for the farmer’s sake, I plead for the speedy abolition of this legislation. A farmer by no means can have a good and equitable understanding or adjustment together with his landlord, whether or not as respects lease, tenure, or recreation, till this legislation is wholly eliminated out of his method. Let the repeal be gradual, and the owner will say to the farmer, by the land-agent, “Oh, the responsibility might be seven shillings subsequent yr; you haven’t had greater than twelve months’ expertise of the workings of the system but”; and the farmer goes away with none settlement having been come to. One other yr passes over, and when the farmer presents himself, he’s instructed, “Oh, the responsibility might be 5 shillings this yr; I can’t but inform what the impact might be; you should cease awhile.” The subsequent yr the identical factor is repeated, and the tip is, that there isn’t a adjustment of any type between the owner and tenant. However put it without delay on a pure footing, abolish all restrictions, and the owner and tenant might be dropped at a immediate settlement; they are going to be positioned exactly on the identical footing as you’re in your manufactures.
Effectively, I’ve now spoken on what could also be performed. I’ve instructed you, too, what I ought to advocate; however I need to say, that no matter is proposed by Sir Robert Peel, we, as free Merchants, have however one course to pursue. If he suggest a complete and speedy and unconditional repeal, we will throw up our caps for Sir Robert Peel. If he suggest the rest, then Mr. Villiers might be prepared, as he has been on former events, to maneuver his modification for a complete and speedy repeal of the Corn Legal guidelines. We’re not accountable for what ministers might do; we’re however accountable for the efficiency of our responsibility. We don’t provide to do impossibilities; however we’ll do our utmost to hold out our rules. However, gents, I inform you actually, I feel much less of what this Parliament might do – I care much less for his or her opinions, much less for the intentions of the Prime Minister and the Cupboard, than what stands out as the opinion of a gathering like this and of the folks outside. This query is not going to be carried by ministers or by the current Parliament; it is going to be carried, when it’s carried, by the need of the nation. We are going to do nothing that may take away us a hair’s breadth from the rock which we’ve got stood upon with a lot security for the final seven years. All different events have been on a quicksand, and floated about by each wave, by each tide, and by each wind – some floating to us; others, like fragments scattered over the ocean, with out rudder or compass; while we’re upon strong floor, and no temptation, whether or not of events or of ministers, shall ever make us swerve a hair’s breadth. I’m anxious to listen to now, on the final assembly earlier than we go to Parliament – earlier than we enter that enviornment to which all males’s minds might be turned through the subsequent week – I’m anxious, not merely that we must always all of us perceive one another on this query, however that we needs to be thought of as occupying as unbiased and remoted a place as we did on the first second of the formation of this League. We’ve nothing to do with Whigs or Tories; we’re stronger than both of them; if we keep on with our rules, we will, if essential, beat each. And I hope we completely perceive now, that we’ve got not, within the advocacy of this nice query, a single object in view however that which we’ve got actually avowed from the start. Our opponents might cost us with designs to do different issues. No, gents, I’ve by no means inspired that. A few of my associates have stated, “When this work is finished you should have some affect within the nation; you should achieve this and so.” I stated then, as I say now, “Each new political precept will need to have its particular advocates, simply as each new religion has its martyrs.” It’s a mistake to suppose that this organisation will be turned to different functions. It’s a mistake to suppose that males, distinguished within the advocacy of the rules of Free Commerce, can with the identical pressure and impact establish themselves with another precept hereafter. It is going to be sufficient if the League accomplish the triumph of the precept we’ve got earlier than us. I’ve by no means taken a restricted view of the item or scope of this nice precept. I’ve by no means advocated this query very a lot as a dealer.
However I’ve been accused of trying an excessive amount of to materials pursuits. However, I can say that I’ve taken as giant and nice a view of the consequences of this mighty precept as ever did any man who dreamt over it in his personal research. I consider that the bodily acquire would be the smallest acquire to humanity from the success of this precept. I look farther; I see within the Free Commerce precept that which shall act on the ethical world because the precept of gravitation within the universe, – drawing males collectively, thrusting apart the antagonism of race and creed and language, and uniting us within the bonds of everlasting peace. I’ve regarded even farther. I’ve speculated, and doubtless dreamt, within the dim future – aye, a thousand years therefore – I’ve speculated on what the impact of the triumph of this precept could also be. I consider that the impact might be to alter the face of the world, in order to introduce a system of presidency totally distinct from that which now prevails. I consider that the need and the motive for giant and mighty empires – for gigantic armies and nice navies – for these supplies that are used for the destruction of life and the desolation of the rewards of labour – will die away; I consider that such issues will stop to be essential, or for use, when man turns into one household and freely exchanges the fruits of his labour together with his brother man. I consider that, if we might be allowed to reappear on this sublunary scene, we must always see, at a far distant interval, the governing system of this world revert to one thing just like the municipal system; and I consider that the speculative thinker of a thousand years therefore will date the best revolution that ever occurred on the planet’s historical past from the triumph of the precept which we’ve got met right here to advocate. I consider these items; however, no matter might have been my desires and speculations, I’ve by no means obtruded them upon others. I’ve by no means acted upon private or motives on this query; I search no alliance with events or favour from events, and I’ll take none – however, having the sensation I’ve of the sacredness of the precept, I say that I can by no means conform to tamper with it. I, no less than, won’t ever be suspected of doing in any other case than pursuing it disinterestedly, actually, and resolutely.
